Why Is It Called Close Quarters Combat?
The term “Close Quarters Combat” (CQB) is inherently descriptive. It refers to armed engagements that take place at very short ranges, often within buildings, confined spaces, or urban environments. The “close quarters” aspect highlights the proximity of combatants, where the distance between opposing forces is so small that traditional, longer-range engagements are not feasible. This proximity necessitates a specific set of tactics, techniques, and procedures that differ significantly from open-field warfare. The very nature of the close-quarters environment, with its limited visibility, tight corners, and potential for ambushes, dictates a more aggressive and direct form of combat, often involving room-to-room clearing, breaching techniques, and intense, face-to-face confrontations. This intimate setting is where the name “close quarters” originates, emphasizing the constricted environment in which these battles are fought.
Understanding the Core Concept of Close Quarters
The term “close quarters” has been used in military and law enforcement contexts for many years. It evolved to encapsulate the specific nature of fighting when troops are in very close proximity to the enemy. This proximity changes everything. Unlike more traditional, distance-focused battles, close quarters battles demand an entirely different skillset. Soldiers and law enforcement personnel in these situations must learn to operate with a high degree of precision and with rapid, decisive actions. The term, thus, directly reflects the physical nearness of the fighting. The word “combat” is added to specifically denote the act of fighting in these conditions.
Distinguishing CQB from Similar Terms
It is important to note the distinction between Close Quarters Combat (CQB) and other similar concepts such as Close Combat (CC) and Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT). While these terms are often used interchangeably, they are not identical. CC is broader, referring to any hand-to-hand or very close-range engagement, including use of melee weapons, but it does not imply the same level of tactical sophistication as CQB. MOUT focuses on the operational aspects of warfare within urban settings, often encompassing broader strategies involving multiple teams and various tactics including CQB. CQB is the specific act of close range fighting within the broader contexts of CC and MOUT.
The Evolution of Close Quarters Combat
The concept of close-quarters fighting isn’t new, but modern CQB techniques have their roots in policing methods developed by Assistant Commissioner William E. Fairbairn in the Shanghai Municipal Police during the early 20th century. Fairbairn’s work emphasized the need for close-range fighting skills to deal with criminals in the urban environment of Shanghai. This eventually evolved into the military close quarters tactics we use today. It is also the root of modern SWAT tactics.
Why Not CQC?
You may have seen the abbreviation CQC (Close Quarters Combat) used interchangeably with CQB. While some might use CQC to refer to smaller unit operations, or consider CQB a larger unit operation, these terms essentially describe the same type of engagement. Both refer to fighting that occurs at a close proximity. The two terms have evolved into being used synonymously in modern practice.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Close Quarters Combat
Here are 15 frequently asked questions about CQB, providing deeper insight into this complex and vital area of combat:
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What is the primary goal of CQB?
The primary goal of CQB is to neutralize threats at close range while minimizing casualties to the operator(s) and any civilians. This is achieved through speed, violence of action, surprise, and carefully planned tactics. -
What are the five pillars of successful CQB?
The five pillars of successful CQB are: (1) gaining access; (2) making entry; (3) securing the space; (4) moving to adjoining spaces; and (5) command/control of the team and subsequent actions. -
What are the key principles of CQB?
Key principles of CQB include: planning and preparation, surprise, entry, and violence of action. These principles emphasize the need for a methodical approach, quick action, and overwhelming force. -
Why is surprise so important in CQB?
Surprise allows the attacker to gain a decisive advantage by catching the opponent off-guard. This disorients the enemy, leading to quicker and more efficient neutralization, reducing the chances of a sustained or complex encounter. -
How does CQB differ from traditional open-field warfare?
Traditional warfare often involves engagements at longer ranges using weapons like artillery and long-range firearms. CQB, on the other hand, occurs at very close ranges where mobility, cover, and immediate decision-making are critical. -
What weapons are typically used in CQB?
Common weapons include short-barreled rifles, pistols, shotguns, and various breaching tools. The compact size and maneuverability of these weapons make them suitable for the confined spaces typical of CQB environments. -
What does “violence of action” mean in CQB?
Violence of action refers to the use of overwhelming and immediate force to rapidly neutralize threats. It means acting decisively and aggressively to overwhelm the enemy, preventing them from mounting an effective defense. -
Why is CQB considered a highly demanding form of combat?
CQB demands a high degree of physical fitness, mental alertness, and specialized skills. The tight quarters, limited visibility, and unpredictable situations make it one of the most challenging forms of combat. It requires operators to be highly adaptable and have excellent decision-making under stress. -
What is the role of training in CQB?
Training is absolutely crucial for success in CQB. It provides operators with the necessary skills, tactics, and experience to operate effectively and safely. Constant and relevant training builds the muscle memory and teamwork needed for success in high pressure environments. -
Is CQB only used in military operations?
No, CQB is also used by law enforcement agencies, particularly SWAT teams, in situations like hostage rescues, high-risk warrant services, and active shooter scenarios. The tactics and principles are highly adaptable to different contexts. -
What is the difference between CQB and “room clearing”?
Room clearing is a specific technique used within CQB. It involves the systematic and methodical entry and securing of rooms or enclosed spaces. While CQB is the broader combat style, room clearing is a critical component of it. -
What are some common challenges faced in CQB environments?
Common challenges include limited visibility, tight spaces, potential for ambushes, difficult angles of engagement, and the risk of collateral damage. Operators must be prepared for a range of dynamic and complex situations. -
Is hand-to-hand combat a significant part of modern CQB?
While the focus is usually on firearms, hand-to-hand combat still plays a role in CQB, particularly when weapons are unavailable or situations require close-quarters grappling. However, its primary purpose is to create space and allow for weapons use. -
What does RECCE have to do with CQB?
RECCE (Reconnaissance) is often considered the opposite of CQB. While CQB focuses on aggressive engagements at close ranges, RECCE focuses on stealth and information gathering from a distance. In short, RECCE is about observing, not directly engaging. -
What is the Israeli Tactical Point Shooting method?
The Israeli Tactical Point Shooting method is a close-quarters combat technique that emphasizes speed, dynamic movement, and decision-making under stress. It focuses on efficiently using weapons while navigating challenging and chaotic situations.
By understanding the origins, principles, and challenges associated with Close Quarters Combat, one can appreciate the complex and demanding nature of this specialized field. The term itself, “close quarters,” perfectly encapsulates the essence of this intense and critical form of fighting.