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RPG vs. COBOL: Unraveling the Differences Between These Legacy Languages

No, RPG (Report Program Generator) and COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) are not the same. While both are high-level programming languages with a long history in business computing, they have distinct origins, purposes, syntax, and strengths. Thinking of them as interchangeable would be like confusing a pickup truck with a minivan – both are vehicles, but designed for different jobs. Let’s delve into why these languages, despite often coexisting in the world of mainframe and midrange systems, are fundamentally different.

COBOL: The Champion of Business Data Processing

COBOL, born in 1959, was explicitly designed for business data processing. Its strength lies in its ability to handle large volumes of data, perform complex calculations, and generate detailed reports. The language is verbose and focuses on readability, making it easier for non-programmers to understand the logic. Think of it as the workhorse behind many financial institutions, insurance companies, and government agencies.

Strengths of COBOL:

Data Handling: Excellent at managing large datasets and performing complex data manipulations.
Readability: Designed for clarity, making it easier for business users to understand the code.
Reliability: Proven track record of stability and dependability in critical business systems.
Decimal Arithmetic: Strong support for precise decimal arithmetic, crucial for financial applications.

Weaknesses of COBOL:

Syntax: Verbose and can be considered cumbersome by modern standards.
Object-Oriented Capabilities: Lacks native object-oriented programming features (though some extensions exist).
Modern Development: Less suited for modern web and mobile application development.
Talent Pool: Shrinking pool of experienced COBOL programmers.

RPG: The Powerhouse of the IBM Midrange

RPG, also introduced in 1959, initially focused on report generation. Over the years, it has evolved into a powerful language for building and maintaining business applications, particularly on IBM’s midrange systems, such as the AS/400 (now IBM i). RPG’s strength lies in its tight integration with the IBM i operating system, allowing developers to leverage the system’s powerful features and databases. It’s like the custom-built engine optimized for a specific chassis, providing maximum performance within its environment.

Strengths of RPG:

IBM i Integration: Tightly integrated with the IBM i operating system, providing excellent access to its features.
Database Access: Excellent support for accessing and manipulating data in the DB2 database.
Modernization: Continuously evolving with features like free-form syntax, SQL integration, and web services capabilities.
Legacy Applications: A vast library of existing RPG applications, providing a solid foundation for modernization projects.

Weaknesses of RPG:

Platform Dependence: Primarily tied to the IBM i platform.
Learning Curve: Can have a steeper learning curve for programmers unfamiliar with the IBM i environment.
Portability: Less portable to other platforms compared to languages like Java or Python.

Key Differences Summarized

Feature	COBOL	RPG
—————	——————————————	——————————————–
Primary Use	Business data processing	Business applications on IBM i
Platform	Cross-platform (historically)	Primarily IBM i
Syntax	Verbose, English-like	More concise, structured format
Data Handling	Excellent for large datasets	Excellent for DB2 database access
Object-Oriented	Limited (extensions exist)	Introduced in modern RPG versions
Modernization	Often requires rewriting or emulation	Strong support for modernization on IBM i

The Future of Legacy Languages

Both COBOL and RPG continue to be used in many organizations, often powering mission-critical applications. While there has been a push to migrate to newer languages, the cost and risk associated with rewriting these systems are often prohibitive. Instead, many organizations are opting to modernize their existing COBOL and RPG applications, leveraging new technologies and tools to extend their functionality and integrate them with modern systems.

Modernizing these languages is crucial and, for example, one of the many challenges presented to students when developing a game within the Games Learning Society. See GamesLearningSociety.org to find out more.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is COBOL a dead language?

Absolutely not! While COBOL is no longer the dominant language it once was, it still runs many critical business systems. Demand for COBOL programmers remains, particularly for maintaining and modernizing existing applications.

2. Is RPG still used in 2024?

Yes, RPG is very much alive and well, especially on the IBM i platform. It’s a common choice for new development and modernization projects on IBM i systems.

3. Which is easier to learn, COBOL or RPG?

It depends on your background. COBOL’s English-like syntax may be easier for non-programmers to grasp initially. However, RPG’s structured format and integration with the IBM i operating system may be easier for those familiar with that environment.

4. Can RPG and COBOL programs work together?

Yes, it’s possible to call COBOL programs from RPG and vice versa. However, you need to be aware of data type differences and use appropriate conversion techniques. The article initially speaks about this.

5. What are the salary expectations for COBOL programmers?

COBOL programmer salaries can be quite competitive, particularly for experienced individuals with specialized skills. The demand often outweighs the supply.

6. What are the salary expectations for RPG programmers?

Similarly, RPG programmers, especially those with IBM i experience, can command attractive salaries. The average RPG programmer salary in the USA is $93,992 per year or $45.19 per hour.

7. What is the difference between RPG and RPGLE?

RPGLE is a more modern, free-form version of RPG. It offers features like procedure calls, SQL integration, and object-oriented programming capabilities. It provides more flexibility and enhanced programming capabilities.

8. What is the IBM i operating system?

The IBM i operating system (formerly AS/400) is a business-oriented operating system known for its stability, security, and integrated database.

9. Why are COBOL and RPG still used in large enterprises?

These languages are deeply embedded in many mission-critical systems that have been running reliably for decades. The cost and risk of rewriting these systems are often too high.

10. What is the best way to modernize COBOL applications?

Modernization strategies include re-engineering, encapsulation, service-enabling, and rewriting. The best approach depends on the specific application and business requirements.

11. What is the best way to modernize RPG applications?

Similar to COBOL, RPG modernization options include converting to free-form RPGLE, leveraging SQL integration, and exposing functionality as web services.

12. Are there any new features being added to COBOL or RPG?

While COBOL development is slower, there are ongoing efforts to modernize and extend the language. RPG continues to evolve with new features and enhancements in each release of the IBM i operating system.

13. Is it difficult to find COBOL or RPG programmers?

Finding experienced COBOL and RPG programmers can be challenging due to the aging workforce and declining interest in these languages.

14. What are the alternatives to COBOL and RPG?

Alternatives to COBOL and RPG include Java, C#, Python, and other modern languages. The choice depends on the specific application requirements and the target platform.

15. What are the common misconceptions about COBOL and RPG?

Common misconceptions include that COBOL and RPG are dead languages, that they are difficult to learn, and that they are not suitable for modern development. In reality, both languages are still valuable assets in many organizations, and they can be modernized and integrated with modern technologies.

Is RPG same as Cobol?