Why is Turkey Not in the EU? A Deep Dive into a Complex Relationship
The question of why Turkey is not a member of the European Union (EU) is multifaceted, rooted in a combination of historical, political, economic, and cultural factors. Simply put, while Turkey has been an applicant to accede to the EU since 1987, the accession negotiations have been effectively stalled since 2016 due to significant concerns raised by the EU regarding human rights, the rule of law, and democratic backsliding within Turkey. This is the crux of the issue, but the full story is far more complex.
The Long and Winding Road to EU Membership
Historical Context
Turkey’s relationship with Europe has been a long and complex one, stretching back centuries. The application to join the then European Economic Community (EEC) in 1987 marked a significant step, but progress was often slow. For many years, Turkey was seen as an important strategic ally, particularly during the Cold War. However, the relationship has been consistently marked by a push-and-pull dynamic, with periods of optimism followed by setbacks and disillusionment.
Political Challenges and Human Rights Concerns
The primary reason for the current deadlock lies in the EU’s criticism of Turkey’s human rights record, rule of law deficits, and democratic institutions. The EU has consistently expressed concern over issues such as:
- Erosion of the separation of powers: The EU has voiced concerns about the perceived weakening of democratic checks and balances in Turkey.
- Restrictions on freedom of speech and the press: The suppression of dissent, arrests of journalists, and limitations on free expression are major points of contention.
- Treatment of political opponents: The EU has raised concerns about the detention and prosecution of political dissidents, academics, and activists.
- Independent judiciary: There are concerns about the influence of the executive on the judicial system.
- Human rights violations: There are widespread concerns about the state of human rights in the country.
These issues have led to a significant breakdown in trust between Turkey and the EU, making further accession negotiations nearly impossible.
Economic and Geopolitical Considerations
Beyond political concerns, there are also economic and geopolitical factors at play. While Turkey once aimed for full economic integration with the EU, concerns about the Greek economic crisis and its impact on the Eurozone have led to a reluctance within some segments of Turkish society towards adopting the euro. There’s also a perception that Turkey’s economy is currently in a better position compared to some EU member states, which has tempered the desire for EU membership in some quarters. Furthermore, the geopolitical landscape has shifted dramatically over the years, altering the strategic calculations of both the EU and Turkey.
Turkey’s Stance: A Desire for a “Fair” Membership
Despite the current tensions, Turkey officially remains committed to the accession process. However, there is a growing sentiment in Turkey that the EU is not being fair in its assessment, and that political concerns are being used as a pretext to block Turkey’s membership. Turkey feels that it has made significant reforms over the years, and that the EU is not recognizing the progress. There are also strong nationalistic sentiments that make the idea of EU integration less appealing to some.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Here are 15 frequently asked questions to further clarify Turkey’s relationship with the EU and related issues:
1. Does Turkey Border any EU Countries?
Yes, Turkey borders two EU member states: Bulgaria and Greece. This geographic proximity has historically made the question of Turkey’s EU integration a pertinent one.
2. Has Turkey Always Wanted to Join the EU?
Turkey has been pursuing EU membership since its initial application to the EEC in 1987. While there have been periods of stronger and weaker commitment, the official goal has always been EU accession.
3. What Currency Does Turkey Use?
The official currency of Turkey is the Turkish Lira (TRY).
4. Can You Use Euros in Turkey?
While the Turkish lira is the main currency, it’s common for tourist areas to accept Euros and even US dollars. However, using euros often results in less favorable exchange rates than using the lira.
5. Why Doesn’t Turkey Use the Euro?
Turkey does not use the euro because it is not yet a member of the EU and has not met the economic convergence criteria to adopt the euro. Moreover, the Greek economic crisis instilled some fear in the Turkish population regarding the euro.
6. Is It Better to Take Cash or Use a Card in Turkey?
It is wise to carry both cash (Turkish Lira) and a debit card in Turkey. While cards are accepted in many establishments, smaller businesses and rural areas might prefer cash. Multi-currency debit cards are also a good option for travel.
7. Is Tipping Common in Turkey?
Tipping is expected in Turkey, particularly in restaurants. A tip of 10-15% of the bill is considered appropriate. Rounding up taxi fares is also common.
8. Is 100 Lira a Good Tip in Turkey?
Yes, 100 Lira is considered a generous tip in Turkey, particularly for tour guides, private drivers, or exceptional service.
9. Why Is the Turkish Lira So Low?
The Turkish lira’s low value is due to several factors, including a sizeable budget deficit, inflation, and questionable economic policies that have resulted in a depletion of foreign exchange reserves.
10. Which Countries are Currently Candidate Countries for EU Membership?
Current candidate countries include: Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye, and Ukraine.
11. Who is Most Likely to Join the EU Next?
Serbia and Montenegro are considered the most advanced candidates in their negotiation processes and may join the EU sometime between 2025 and 2030. Kosovo is also a potential candidate but faces challenges with recognition from some EU states.
12. Will Turkey Ever Join the EU?
The future of Turkey’s EU membership remains uncertain. While Turkey still officially aims for membership, the significant political and human rights concerns raised by the EU make it highly unlikely in the near future.
13. Why is Switzerland Not in the EU?
Switzerland is not in the EU because public opinion within the country strongly opposes it. A referendum in 2001 overwhelmingly rejected EU membership, and subsequent surveys show very low support for joining.
14. Why is Norway Not in the EU?
Norway is not in the EU due to referendums in 1972 and 1994 where the Norwegian people voted against joining the EU. There remains little public support for EU membership in Norway.
15. How Much is a Can of Coke in Turkey?
A can of Coke in Istanbul may cost between 3 and 4 Turkish Lira, which can be more expensive than in the US. Be aware that there are no free refills on sodas in Turkey.
Conclusion
The question of why Turkey is not in the EU is a complex one, with no easy answers. While Turkey’s application has been in the works for decades, significant political and human rights concerns raised by the EU, coupled with economic and geopolitical considerations, have led to a standstill in accession negotiations. While Turkey officially remains a candidate country, its path to EU membership faces considerable obstacles, and the future of the relationship remains uncertain. The ongoing dialogue between the two is vital for both parties in addressing shared interests and resolving long-standing issues.